Arizona State University (ASU) MIC 205 Microbiology Exam 1 Practice

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• What did the Hershey-Chase experiment prove about the genetic material of bacteriophages?
• What is the primary function of fimbriae in bacteria?
• Which transport mechanism moves two substances in the same direction across the membrane?
• Which measures reduced infections in the medical setting?
• After a standard Gram stain, what colors do Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria appear?
• An acid-fast stain detects bacteria with what kind of cell wall?
• As described, an enzyme with a high Km will:
• Which component of MacConkey agar inhibits Gram-positive bacteria?
• What term best describes the cell membrane's selective permeability?
• The closest known relatives to the least common ancestor are Loki and Thor. They are names given to which type of organisms?
• Is a Schaeffer-Fulton stain a differential or simple stain, and what has to be done to the proteins in the cell membrane in order to drive the primary stain into the endospore?
• Which organisms can grow on MacConkey agar?
• Which statement describes Koch's third postulate?
• Which genus is commonly acid-fast due to waxy mycolic acid in its cell wall?
• Beta-lactam antibiotics disrupt cell wall synthesis by inhibiting cross-linking of which components?
• The O-antigen is part of the outer membrane and serves as what?
• Which of the following is a clinical presentation that may be found in patients with clostridial myonecrosis?
• In a differential medium, what indicates a positive reaction for an organism that utilizes the substrate?
• Why is the production of bacterial extracellular enzymes important in the development of disease?
• Why do Gram-negative bacteria appear pink after Gram staining?
• Which components are listed for the cell wall in the notes?
• Which cellular component assists in the segregation of replicated DNA during bacterial binary fission?
• Pasteurization was used to prevent infections in which products?
• How does bacteria store nutrients?
• Which metabolic pathway is shared by bacteria that undergo respiration and fermentation?
• Which statement best describes how acid-fast staining differentiates cells?
• Serological tests rely on antibodies binding to what on the surface of bacteria?
• Which cell envelope feature is typically absent in archaea but common in many bacteria?
• What did the Hershey-Chase experiment prove about the genetic material injected into bacteria by a bacteriophage?
• Facilitated diffusion is best described by which statement?
• What is the purpose of a Biolog plate in microbiology?
• On MacConkey agar, which result indicates lactose fermentation by a Gram-negative bacterium?
• In tetanus management, which toxin-binding therapy is used to neutralize free toxin?
• In methanogenesis, CO2 is reduced to:
• The peptidoglycan layer consists of which repeating units?
• What type of substance can diffuse across the cell membrane without a permeate protein?
• What is the primary purpose of endospores for bacteria?
• Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration.
• Who used a swan-neck flask to debunk the theory of spontaneous generation?
• Benzodiazepines are used in the treatment of which toxin-mediated disease?
• The closest known relatives to the least common ancestor are believed to be which two groups?
• What does a positive well on a Biolog plate indicate about the organism?
• In a hypotonic solution, what happens to the cell?
• How does the Gram stain differentiate bacterial cells?
• In a hypertonic solution, what happens to the cell?
• Hospital-acquired infection is also known as what?
• Which organism is an opportunistic gut pathogen often treated with fecal transplant?
• Which bacterium is a medically important spore-forming Gram-positive anaerobic bacillus that produces toxins A and B?
• The Schaeffer-Fulton stain for endospores is what type of stain?
• Beta-lactam antibiotics disrupt peptidoglycan synthesis by targeting which components?
• In an isotonic solution, which statement is true about water movement across the cell membrane?
• Why is Koch's third postulate invalid?
• Can antibiotics be produced by viruses?
• Which cycle involves integration of the phage genome into the host chromosome?
• What is the primary biological reason that bacteria form endospores?
• Which feature is characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria's outer membrane?
• Who is credited with first proposing the concept of spontaneous generation?
• In methanogenesis, CO2 is reduced to CH4.
• Which medium is selective for Gram-positive bacteria and differentiates mannitol fermentation?
• Which statement best describes the presence of a nucleus in bacteria and eukaryotes?
• Uniport transports what?
• The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as which of the following?
• Which statement best defines an endospore?
• Which group of bacteria is more susceptible to antibiotics that inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis?
• Which structure wraps around the cell and enables corkscrew motility?
• Blood agar is used to determine hemolysis patterns, indicating whether organisms can lyse red blood cells.
• The clinical presentation of Clostridium septicum is most similar to:
• Which practice is cited as an early measure to prevent infection?
• What kind of evidence do scientists use to categorize and classify living things?
• Which group is at higher risk for Fournier's gangrene?
• In phage typing, what happens after phage DNA has replicated?
• A hyperbaric chamber can be used to treat gas gangrene because:
• Which hemolysis pattern is described by incomplete lysis with a greenish discoloration around colonies on blood agar?
• Which staining method is primarily used to determine cell morphology quickly?
• Which cellular process is inhibited by penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics?
• What is the external polymer layer that can exist as a slime layer and aids adhesion?
• On MacConkey agar, which group is inhibited to allow selection of Gram-negative enteric bacteria?
• In Gram-negative bacteria, which protein anchors the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer?
• What does a selective growth medium do?
• Why do antibiotics that target peptidoglycan synthesis generally not harm Eukaryotes or Archaea?
• Which component of Gram-negative bacteria acts as an endotoxin associated with fever and shock?
• Which antibiotic covers all Clostridia, with the exception of strains that may be resistant to it, and is the first choice for coverage?
• Which statement about endospores is true?
• Phage quantification can be used to determine what, due to phage specificity?
• Which cycle results in the lysis of the host cell and production of new phage particles?
• A Biolog plate is characterized by what feature?
• Which statement best describes the difference between a simple stain and a differential stain?
• Why does a Gram-positive cell stain blue/purple in a Gram stain?
• What information does Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) provide about bacteria growing on this medium, and which organism is clinically identifiable by this agar?
• What does it mean for a bacterial growth medium to be selective?
• The denaturation of enzymes happens when:
• Which statement about the slime layer is true?
• Which pathway is used by bacteria in both respiration and fermentation processes?
• What distinguishes a differential stain from a simple stain?
• Which statement describes Gram-positive cell walls?
• One possible consequence of giving antibiotics is that
• MRSA stands for what?
• What is the name given to a toxin produced inside a bacterial cell and secreted into the surrounding environment?
• Which term describes the lysis of red blood cells by bacteria on blood agar?
• Death by Clostridium perfringens, the causative bacteria of gangrene, is most common in :
• What can glycocalyx store?
• In phage typing, what observable feature indicates phage infection on a bacterial lawn?
• Which statement about the slime layer in Gram-positive streptococcus is true?
• Which statement is NOT a Koch postulate as described?
• Which component anchors flagella and contributes to the cell's rigidity?
• Which statement describes Koch's first postulate?
• What color does Gram-positive bacteria retain after Gram staining?
• A Biolog plate typically contains how many wells?
• Endotoxin exposure to the immune system occurs after which event?
• In MacConkey agar, which component inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria?
• In the Hershey-Chase experiment, what was the key evidence that DNA is the genetic material?
• Symport moves what?
• How are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Gram-positive organisms arranged?
• Which statement about archaea compared with other cells is true?
• What does yellow coloration on Mannitol Salt Agar indicate?
• Colony morphology can be observed with the naked eye and includes size, shape, and color.
• Who is commonly associated with establishing the germ theory of disease?
• A visible group of identical bacteria originating from a single cell is called what?
• Teichoic acids are located on which type of cell wall?
• Murein, a term used in bacteriology, refers to which molecule?
• Which molecule is Lipoteichoic acid in the context of Gram-positive bacteria?
• Which condition should be considered and ruled out when diagnosing botulism due to overlapping neuromuscular symptoms?
• A characteristic of bacteria that would best help them colonize the urinary tract is:
• Among the listed respiration types, which yields the fewest ATP per unit carbon?
• In the Schaeffer-Fulton endospore staining method, what is the role of heat?
• After a standard Gram stain, what color do Gram-positive cells typically appear under the microscope?
• Which statement is the first postulate of Koch's Postulates as described?
• In phage typing, which statement accurately describes the basis of detecting phage susceptibility?
• Which statement accurately describes diffusion as a passive transport process?
• Which statement about bacterial cytoskeleton components is true?
• What are the two basic types of cells?
• Who stated that bacteria move through the air?
• What is the central claim of the spontaneous generation debate?
• Which Italian physiologist disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by recreating Needham's experiment but without exposing the broth to air?
• Lipoteichoic acid is antigenic and associated with which type of bacteria?
• Which statement about the 16S rRNA gene is true?
• A bacterial cell is placed in an environment where the cell is hypertonic to the surrounding solution. What will happen to the cell?
• Which drug class used in tetanus provides muscle relaxation?
• Which genus is well-known for forming endospores under adverse conditions?
• One large differentiating property of Archaea compared to bacteria is that Archaea do not have which component?
• What term is sometimes used interchangeably with Koch's postulates?
• Benzodiazepines are given for the treatment of
• Which statement about endospores is true?
• Which statement about archaeal metabolism is accurate?
• In the Hershey-Chase experiment, which molecule was tracked with radioactive labeling to determine if it could enter bacterial cells?
• Which clinically important organism is commonly identified using Mannitol Salt Agar due to mannitol fermentation?
• Which statement about bacterial osmolarity is true?
• Which component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell envelope acts as the endotoxin that can trigger fever and inflammation when released?
• Which statement correctly describes the 16S rRNA gene's role in the cell?
• What is the role of fimbriae in urinary tract infections?
• Where are ribosomes located in eukaryotic cells?
• An enzyme with a high Km will:
• What are the two basic types of cells in biology?
• What does a differential growth medium do?
• What does the Gram stain detect?
• Which statement about the plasma membrane is most accurate?
• An endospore is best described as what?
• The theory that life can generate from nonliving sources
• What term describes small, circular, extra-chromosomal DNA found in bacteria?
• Which component is characteristic of Gram-positive cell walls and not of Gram-negative cell walls?
• Which scientist ended the debate on spontaneous generation?
• Permeases are defined as what?
• Which genus is known for forming endospores and has significant medical relevance, including long-term surface survival?
• Extracellular glycocalyx can appear as which forms?
• During phagocytosis, the engulfed bacterium is contained within which intracellular vesicle?
• What feature of Gram-negative bacteria acts as a barrier to many antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis?
• How does immunity status affect susceptibility to infection?
• A glycocalyx (both capsules and slime layers) aid in bacterial survival because:
• Would a gram + or gram - cell be more sensitive to exposure to an antibiotic that acts on the peptidoglycan layer?
• Phage typing relies on what characteristic of phages?
• What is the primary role of bacterial pili in horizontal gene transfer?
• Which Gram-positive bacterium is a leading cause of skin infections and pneumonia?
• In a hypertonic cell description, the notes state the cell has more solute inside.
• Which transport mechanism moves a single substance in one direction across the membrane?
• In diagnosing Botulism, one possible condition that a clinician should rule out is ______________________
• Which statement about binary fission is correct?
• What is the germ theory of disease?
• Which feature of the Gram-negative envelope helps resist harsh conditions?
• Which sequence correctly summarizes the contributions to the spontaneous generation debate as described?
• Which feature of bacterial cells is best observed under a light microscope?
• Which statement best describes beta, alpha, and gamma hemolysis?
• Which statement describes Koch's second postulate?
• Why are additional antibiotics given in the case of clostridial myonecrosis?
• Why is Koch's fourth postulate invalid?
• What color do Gram-negative bacteria appear after Gram staining and counterstain?
• Which group lacks peptidoglycan in their cell walls?
• This type of substance can move across the cell membrane without a permeate protein.
• What does it mean for a bacterial growth medium to be differential?
• Koch's Postulates primarily aim to establish what?
• The glycocalyx (capsules and slime layers) aids in survival because:
• Which statement best summarizes germ theory?
• How do bacteria typically reproduce?
• Why is the 16S rRNA gene used as an identifying characteristic in microbial taxonomy?
• The phospholipid bilayer of the bacterial cell membrane consists of phospholipids with which arrangement?
• Braun's lipoprotein function is to
• Which type of respiration will produce the least amount of ATP per unit carbon?
• The production of ATP in the electron transport chain is due to:
• Which option correctly lists the four basic criteria of Koch's germ theory postulates?
• Benzodiazepines are given for tetanus because:
• Which English biologist briefly boiled broth and concluded that bacterial growth proved spontaneous generation?
• What is the consequence of altering the 16S rRNA gene?
• Murein bacteria are primarily composed of which substance?
• In the lysogenic cycle, what happens to the viral DNA?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between Clostridium septicum and Clostridium perfringens?
• What does the 16S rRNA gene encode?
• What is the typical mode of reproduction for bacteria?
• What information does MacConkey agar (MAC) provide about bacteria growing on it?
• Archaea lack peptidoglycan. Which statement is true?
• Antibiotics can be produced by which of the following?
• What flaw existed in John Needham's broth experiment?
• Bacteriophages are specific for certain bacteria, enabling what?
• What was a key conclusion of the Hershey-Chase experiment?
• What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
• Which bacterial structure is primarily used for conjugation and gene transfer?
• In bacterial respiration, which stage is responsible for the majority of ATP production?
• Which statement best characterizes the differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell envelopes?
• Under favorable conditions, what can happen to the viral DNA during lysogenic infection?
• Lipid A is an endotoxin found in which group of organisms?
• This bacteria produces the most potent toxin known, with only 0.09 ug needed to kill the average human:
• Which organism is Gram-positive and commonly associated with strep throat and skin infections?
• Which environments are commonly associated with archaeal life?
• During aerobic respiration, which molecule is reduced to water?
• The repeating units in peptidoglycan are composed of which sugars?
• What would happen if NADH did not donate its electrons to the electron transport chain?
• To drive the primary stain into an endospore during staining, which step is required?
• An acid-fast stain detects bacteria with waxy cell walls high in mycolic acid and differentiates them by color. Which organism is acid-fast?
• In aerobic respiration, oxygen is reduced to:
• What best describes glycocalyx?
• Where does the majority of ATP produced during bacterial respiration occur?
• In Gram staining, which feature accounts for Gram-positive cells retaining the dye after decolorization?
• Which structural feature is primarily detected by a Gram stain to differentiate bacteria?
• According to the material, why might Koch's postulates not apply to all diseases?
• After acid-fast staining, what color are acid-fast organisms such as Mycobacterium?
• Which statement about Koch's postulates is true?
• Which arrangement best describes the orientation of the bacterial phospholipid bilayer?
• How does the shape of spiral bacteria influence infection?
• Which molecule is part of LPS and acts as an endotoxin?
• What is the difference between colony morphology and cell morphology?
• Transport proteins include which of the following?
• Which molecules function as electron carriers in cellular respiration?
• In treating tetanus, tetanus immunoglobulin can be given because:
• Fimbriae are primarily found in which type of bacteria?
• Osmosis is best described as?
• Which statement describes the observation in Hershey-Chase that supports DNA as genetic material?
• A biofilm is best described as which of the following?
• Which concept is associated with Pasteur's work on preventing infection by pasteurizing certain products?
• Why is Koch's second postulate invalid?
• A toxin produced inside the cell and exported outside is called
• These people are most likely to die from Clostridium difficile:
• Penicillins and cephalosporins antibiotics act on which aspect of bacterial cells?
• Which statement about hemolysis on blood agar plates is correct?
• The 'barcode of life' for bacteria is the 16S rRNA gene that encodes for the bacterial:
• The murein lipoprotein is present only in which type of cells?
• Which statement describes Koch's fourth postulate?
• Which antibiotic is described as first-line for coverage of Clostridia but may be ineffective if resistant?
• What does a Gram stain detect and how does it differentiate bacteria?
• Which characteristics best describe archaea relative to eukaryotes and bacteria?
• Which process describes movement of water across a membrane?
• What is the largest difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
• The 16S rRNA gene encodes which cellular component?
• Antiport transports what?
• In the process of phagocytosis, an immune cell will capture a bacteria and place it inside of a
• Which of the following would best help a bacteria invade tissue?
• A term used for a visible group of identical bacteria originating from a single cell is what?
• Endotoxin is contained within which structure?
• Why is Koch's first postulate considered invalid in some cases?
• Lipoteichoic acid is associated with Gram-positive bacteria in which context?
• Which staining method is used to visualize capsules around bacteria?
• In microbial competition, which nutrient is primarily contested?